Many years later

• Many years later

n; -(e)s, -e

1. Zeitspanne: year; ein halbes Jahr six months; anderthalb Jahre a year and a half, eighteen months; im Jahr 2003 in (the year) 2003; bis zum 31. Dezember d. J. (= dieses Jahres) until December 31st of this year; Anfang der achtziger Jahre in the early eighties; das ganze Jahr all year; alle Jahre every year; auf Jahre hinaus for years to come; im Lauf der Jahre through ( oder over) the years; in diesem / im nächsten Jahr this / next year; mit den Jahren with (the) years; nach Jahren after (many) years; nach Jahr und Tag after a very long time, (many) years later; seit Jahr und Tag for a long time, for many years; heute vor einem Jahr a year ago today; von Jahr zu Jahr from year to year; weitS. as the years go by; Jahr für Jahr year after year

2. Alter: mit oder im Alter von 20 Jahren at the age of twenty; in den besten Jahren sein be in the prime of life; in die Jahre kommen be getting on (a bit), be getting a bit long in the tooth hum., Am. be getting up there; seine Jahre spüren feel one’s age; ( noch) jung an Jahren sein be (still) young ( oder in one’s youth); mit den Jahren lernt man das over the years, as the years go by; seine Jahre voll haben be able to retire (having contributed to pension fund for the necessary number of years), have reached retirement (age); Buckel 2

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year

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nt -(e)s, -e

1) year

2)

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1) (the period of time the earth takes to go once round the sun, about 365 days: We lived here for five years, from November 1968 to November 1973; a two-year delay.) year

2) (the period from January 1 to December 31, being 365 days, except in a leap year, when it is 366 days: in the year 1945.) year

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1. (Zeitraum von 12 Monaten) year

die 20er-/30er-\Jahre etc. the twenties/thirties etc. + sing/pl vb

anderthalb \Jahre a year and a half

ein dreiviertel \Jahr nine months

ein halbes \Jahr six months, half a year

das ganze \Jahr über throughout the whole year

ein viertel \Jahr three months

letztes [o im letzten] \Jahr last year

nächstes [o im nächsten] \Jahr next year

das neue \Jahr the new year

alles Gute zu Weihnachten und viel Glück im neuen \Jahr! merry Christmas and a happy new year

\Jahr für [o um] \Jahr year after year

noch früh im \Jahr sein to be at the beginning of the year

im \Jahre... in [the year]...

... im [o pro] \Jahr... a year

ich gehe zweimal im \Jahr zum Arzt I go to the doctor's twice a year

in diesem/im nächsten \Jahr this/next year

in einem \Jahr/in... \Jahren in a year/in... years

mit den \Jahren as the years go by, over the years

mit... \Jahren at... [years of age]

nach einem \Jahr after a year

nach \Jahren for years

vor einem \Jahr a year ago

vor [...] \Jahren [...] years ago

alle... \Jahre every... years

alle hundert \Jahre ändert sich das Klima the climate changes every hundred years

alle \Jahre wieder every year

der/die/das... des \Jahres the... of the year

dieser Bestseller wurde zum Buch des \Jahres gekürt this bestseller was chosen as book of the year

soziales \Jahr year spent by young people doing work in the area of social services

auf \Jahre hinaus for years to come

2. (Lebensjahre)... [years old]

... \Jahre jung sein (hum)... years young hum

sie ist 80 \Jahre jung she's 80 years young

▶ in den besten \Jahren [sein] [to be] in one's prime

▶ im \Jahre des Heils (veraltet) in the year of grace old

▶ im \Jahre des Herrn anno domini, in the year of our Lord

▶ in die \Jahre kommen (euph fam) to be getting on [in years]

▶ nach/seit \Jahr und Tag (geh) after/for many years

▶ das verflixte siebte \Jahr (fam) the seven-year itch

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1) year

2) (LebensJahr) year

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Jahr n; -(e)s, -e

1. Zeitspanne: year;

ein halbes Jahr six months;

anderthalb Jahre a year and a half, eighteen months;

im Jahr 2003 in (the year) 2003;

bis zum 31. Dezember d. J. (=

dieses Jahres) until December 31st of this year;

Anfang der achtziger Jahre in the early eighties;

das ganze Jahr all year;

alle Jahre every year;

auf Jahre hinaus for years to come;

im Lauf der Jahre through ( oder over) the years;

in diesem/im nächsten Jahr this/next year;

mit den Jahren with (the) years;

nach Jahren after (many) years;

nach Jahr und Tag after a very long time, (many) years later;

seit Jahr und Tag for a long time, for many years;

heute vor einem Jahr a year ago today;

von Jahr zu Jahr from year to year; weitS. as the years go by;

Jahr für Jahr year after year

2. Alter:

mit oder

im Alter von 20 Jahren at the age of twenty;

in den besten Jahren sein be in the prime of life;

in die Jahre kommen be getting on (a bit), be getting a bit long in the tooth hum, US be getting up there;

seine Jahre spüren feel one’s age;

(noch) jung an Jahren sein be (still) young ( oder in one’s youth);

mit den Jahren lernt man das over the years, as the years go by;

seine Jahre vollhaben be able to retire (having contributed to pension fund for the necessary number of years), have reached retirement (age); → Buckel 2

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1) year

2) (LebensJahr) year

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year n.

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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The son of a tax collector, Ducos du Hauron began researches into colour photography soon after the publication of Clerk Maxwell's experiment in 1861. In a communication sent in 1862 for presentation at the Académie des Sciences, but which was never read, he outlined a number of methods for photography of colours. Subsequently, in his book Les Couleurs en photographie, published in 1869, he outlined most of the principles of additive and subtractive colour photography that were later actually used. He covered additive processes, developed from Clerk Maxwell's demonstrations, and subtractive processes which could yield prints. At the time, the photographic materials available prevented the processes from being employed effectively. The design of his Chromoscope, in which transparent reflectors could be used to superimpose three additive images, was sound, however, and formed the basis of a number of later devices. He also proposed an additive system based on the use of a screen of fine red, yellow and blue lines, through which the photograph was taken and viewed. The lines blended additively when seen from a certain distance. Many years later, in 1907, Ducos du Hauron was to use this principle in an early commercial screen-plate process, Omnicolore. With his brother Alcide, he published a further work in 1878, Photographie des Couleurs, which described some more-practical subtractive processes. A few prints made at this time still survive and they are remarkably good for the period. In a French patent of 1895 he described yet another method for colour photography. His "polyfolium chromodialytique" involved a multiple-layer package of separate red-, green-and blue-sensitive materials and filters, which with a single exposure would analyse the scene in terms of the three primary colours. The individual layers would be separated for subsequent processing and printing. In a refined form, this is the principle behind modern colour films. In 1891 he patented and demonstrated the anaglyph method of stereoscopy, using superimposed red and green left and right eye images viewed through green and red filters. Ducos du Hauron's remarkable achievement was to propose theories of virtually all the basic methods of colour photography at a time when photographic materials were not adequate for the purpose of proving them correct. For his work on colour photography he was awarded the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1900, but despite his major contributions to colour photography he remained in poverty for much of his later life.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Robert Kay improved his father John's flying shuttle by inventing the drop box, in which up to four shuttles could be stored one below the other. The weaver's left hand controlled levers and catches to raise or lower the drop box in order to bring the appropriate shuttle into line with the shuttle race on the slay. The shuttle could then be driven across the loom, leaving its particular type or colour of weft. On the earliest power looms of Edmund Cartwright in 1785, and for many years later, it was possible to use only one shuttle. In 1845 Squire Diggle of Bury, Lancashire, took out a patent for mechanizing the drop box so that different types or colours of weft could be woven without the weaver attending to the shuttles. He used an endless chain on which plates of different heights could be fixed to raise the boxes to the required height; later this would be operated by either the dobby or Jacquard pattern-selecting mechanisms. He took out further patents for improvements to looms. One, in 1854, was for taking up the cloth with a positive motion. Two more, in 1858, improved his drop box mechanism: the first was for actually operating the drop box, while the second was for tappet chains which operated the timing for raising the boxes.

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See also: Kay, John

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Mercer began work at the age of 9 as a bobbinwinder and then a hand-loom weaver. He had no formal education in chemistry but taught himself and revealed remarkable ability in both theoretical and applied aspects of the subject. He became the acknowledged "father of textile chemistry" and the Royal Society elected him Fellow in 1850. His name is remembered in connection with the lustrous "mercerized" cotton which, although not developed commercially until 1890, arose from his discovery, c. 1844, of the effect of caustic soda on cotton linters. He also discovered that cotton could be dissolved in a solution of copper oxide in ammonia, a phenomenon later exploited in the manufacture of artificial silk. As a youth, Mercer experimented at home with dyeing processes and soon acquired sufficient skill to set up as an independent dyer. Most of his working life was, however, spent with the calico-printing firm of Oakenshaw Print Works in which he eventually became a partner, and it was there that most of his experimental work was done. The association was a very appropriate one, for it was a member of this firm's staff who first recognized Mercer's potential talent and took the trouble in his spare time to teach him reading, writing and arithmetic. Mercer developed manganese-bronze colours and researched into catalysis and the ferrocyanides. Among his innovations was the chlorination of wool in order to make it print as easily as cotton. It was many years later that it was realized that this treatment also conferred valuable shrink-resisting qualities. Becoming interested in photochemistry, he devised processes for photographic printing on fabric. Queen Victoria was presented with a handkerchief printed in this way when she visited the Great Exhibition of 1851, of which Mercer was a juror. A photograph of Mercer himself on cloth is preserved in the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. He presented papers to the British Association and was a member of the Chemical Society.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Public utilities

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Before devoting the whole of his attention to the electric light, Staite was a partner in a business of iron merchants and patented a method of obtaining extracts and essences. From 1834 he attempted to produce a continuous light by electricity. The first public exhibition of Staite's arc lamp incorporating a fixed-rate clockwork mechanism was given in 1847 to the Sunderland Literary and Philosophical Society. He also demonstrated an incandescent lamp with an iridioplatinum filament. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan recorded that it was attending lectures by Staite in Sunderland, Newcastle and Carlisle that started him on the quest which many years later was to lead to his incandescent lamp.

In association with William Petrie (1821–1904), Staite made an important advance in the development of arc lamps by introducing automatic regulation of the carbon rods by way of an electromagnet. This was the first of many self-regulating arc lamps that were invented during the nineteenth century employing this principle. A contributory factor in the success of Staite's lamp was the semi enclosure of the arc in a transparent vessel that reduced the consumption of carbons, a feature not used again until the 1890s. His patents included processes for preparing carbons and the construction of primary cells for arc lighting. An improved lamp used by Staite in a theatrical production at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, in April 1849 may be considered the first commercial success of the electric light in England. In spite of the limitations imposed by the use of primary cells as the only available source of power, serious interest in this system of electric lighting was shown by railway companies and dock authorities. However, after he had developed a satisfactory arc lamp, an end to these early experiments was brought about by Staite's death.

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1. to do sth. prematurely or in advance, interrupting the logical order, progression of events, actions etc: X забегает вперёд - X is getting (way) ahead of himself

2. obs

X забежал вперёд - X got ahead of person Y

absolutely not

in no way

фраз. Лишь много лет спустя …; только после того, как …

что касается, относительно, по отношению

ссылаясь на …

• ЗАБЕГАТЬ/ЗАБЕЖАТЬ ВПЕРЕД

[VP; subj: human; fixed WO]

=====

1. to do sth. prematurely or in advance, interrupting the logical order, progression of events, actions etc:

- X забегает вперёд≈ X is getting (way) ahead of himself;

- X is rushing things;

- X is anticipating (matters <events, things>);

- X is rushing (jumping) ahead.

     ♦ Забегая вперёд, скажу лишь одно: он [Иван Фёдорович] был теперь, в этот вечер, именно как раз накануне белой горячки, которая наконец уже вполне овладела его издавна расстроенным, но упорно сопротивлявшимся болезни организмом (Достоевский 2). Getting ahead of myself, I will say only one thing: he [Ivan Fyodorovich] was, that evening, precisely just on the verge of brain fever, which finally took complete possession of his organism, long in disorder but stubbornly refusing to succumb (2a).

     ♦ [Бусыгин:] Ну, не будем забегать вперёд, но вы мне уже нравитесь (Вампилов 4). [В.:] I don't want to rush things but you know what? I already like you (4c).

     ♦...Борис Леонидович [Пастернак] учился у жизни и истории. И взгляды его на некоторые фундаментальные события века существенно эволюционировали. Иногда это проявлялось самым неожиданным образом. Забегая вперёд, вспомню об одном эпизоде из того времени, когда роман "Доктор Живаго" уже перешёл границу... (Ивинская 1). BL [Pasternak] was able to learn from life and history, and his views on certain basic events of our age underwent a substantial change. This was sometimes demonstrated in unexpected ways-as, for example, in an incident which-anticipating a little-I will mention here, though it happened many years later, at the time when Doctor Zhivago had already appeared abroad... (1a).

2. obs [usu. pfv]

⇒ to forestall, outstrip s.o. by attaining or obtaining sth. first:

- X забежал вперёд≈ X got ahead of person Y;

- X eclipsed person Y's efforts;

- X beat person Y to it;

- X got there first.

• ЗАБЕГАТЬ/ЗАБЕЖАТЬ ВПЕРЕД

[VP; subj: human; fixed WO]

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1. to do sth. prematurely or in advance, interrupting the logical order, progression of events, actions etc:

- X забегает вперёд≈ X is getting (way) ahead of himself;

- X is rushing things;

- X is anticipating (matters <events, things>);

- X is rushing (jumping) ahead.

     ♦ Забегая вперёд, скажу лишь одно: он [Иван Фёдорович] был теперь, в этот вечер, именно как раз накануне белой горячки, которая наконец уже вполне овладела его издавна расстроенным, но упорно сопротивлявшимся болезни организмом (Достоевский 2). Getting ahead of myself, I will say only one thing: he [Ivan Fyodorovich] was, that evening, precisely just on the verge of brain fever, which finally took complete possession of his organism, long in disorder but stubbornly refusing to succumb (2a).

     ♦ [Бусыгин:] Ну, не будем забегать вперёд, но вы мне уже нравитесь (Вампилов 4). [В.:] I don't want to rush things but you know what? I already like you (4c).

     ♦...Борис Леонидович [Пастернак] учился у жизни и истории. И взгляды его на некоторые фундаментальные события века существенно эволюционировали. Иногда это проявлялось самым неожиданным образом. Забегая вперёд, вспомню об одном эпизоде из того времени, когда роман "Доктор Живаго" уже перешёл границу... (Ивинская 1). BL [Pasternak] was able to learn from life and history, and his views on certain basic events of our age underwent a substantial change. This was sometimes demonstrated in unexpected ways-as, for example, in an incident which-anticipating a little-I will mention here, though it happened many years later, at the time when Doctor Zhivago had already appeared abroad... (1a).

2. obs [usu. pfv]

⇒ to forestall, outstrip s.o. by attaining or obtaining sth. first:

- X забежал вперёд≈ X got ahead of person Y;

- X eclipsed person Y's efforts;

- X beat person Y to it;

- X got there first.

• НИ В КОЕЙ < НИ В КАКОЙ> МЕРЕ

[PrepP; these forms only; adv; used with neg verbs; fixed WO]

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⇒ absolutely not:

- in no way;

- not in any way whatever (whatsoever);

- by no means;

- not at all;

- not in the least.

     ♦ Один из бесчисленных злопыхателей, ненавидевших моего героя, утверждал много лет спустя, что в Орлеане всякий осел может получить ученую степень, были бы только у осла деньги. Однако это неверно. Осёл степени не получит, да и мой герой ни в какой мере не походил на осла (Булгаков 5). One of the innumerable slanderers who hated my hero asserted many years later that any ass could have received a learned degree in Organs, provided he had money. This, however, is not true. An ass could not receive any degrees, nor did my hero resemble an ass in any way whatever (5a).

• НИ В КОЕЙ < НИ В КАКОЙ> МЕРЕ

[PrepP; these forms only; adv; used with neg verbs; fixed WO]

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⇒ absolutely not:

- in no way;

- not in any way whatever (whatsoever);

- by no means;

- not at all;

- not in the least.

     ♦ Один из бесчисленных злопыхателей, ненавидевших моего героя, утверждал много лет спустя, что в Орлеане всякий осел может получить ученую степень, были бы только у осла деньги. Однако это неверно. Осёл степени не получит, да и мой герой ни в какой мере не походил на осла (Булгаков 5). One of the innumerable slanderers who hated my hero asserted many years later that any ass could have received a learned degree in Organs, provided he had money. This, however, is not true. An ass could not receive any degrees, nor did my hero resemble an ass in any way whatever (5a).

- błąd ortograficzny/interpunkcyjny a spelling/punctuation mistake

- błąd rachunkowy a. w obliczeniach a miscalculation

- błąd wymowy a. w wymowie a pronunciation error, an error in pronunciation

- zrobić/popełnić błąd to make a mistake a. an error

- poprawić błąd to correct a. rectify a mistake

- list roił się od błędów the letter was full of mistakes

- czeski błąd transposition of characters

- błąd zecerski a typo pot.

- błędy wychowawcze mistakes in upbringing

- błędy młodości the sins of youth

- błąd w sztuce a professional error, professional incompetence

- błąd polityczny a political mistake a. error

- zrobić/popełnić błąd to make a mistake

- popełnił fatalny błąd, rezygnując z pracy he made a fatal mistake leaving his job

- naprawić błąd to rectify a mistake

- pozwól mi naprawić moje błędy just let me make up for my mistakes

- przyznać się do błędu to admit to having made a mistake

- po wielu latach wreszcie przyznał się do błędu many years later he admitted the error of his ways

- wyznać komuś swoje błędy to confess one’s mistakes to sb

- wybaczyć komuś błędy to forgive sb’s mistakes a. sb for their mistakes

- uczyć się na błędach to learn by a. from one’s (own) mistakes

- uczyć się na cudzych błędach to learn from the mistakes of others

- powtarzać stare błędy to repeat a. to make the same (old) mistakes

- przyczyną wypadku był błąd człowieka the accident was caused by human error

- być w błędzie to be mistaken

- wykorzenić błędy to eradicate mistakes a. misconceptions

- trwać w błędzie to be (labouring) under a misapprehension

- wprowadzić kogoś w błąd to mislead sb

- wyprowadzić kogoś z błędu to put sb right

- lepiej nie wyprowadzać ich z błędu I don’t think it’s worth putting them right a. enlightening them iron.

- błąd statystyczny a statistical error

- błąd metody a methodological error

- błąd odczytu a misreading

- błąd aparatury a mechanical error

- margines błędu a margin of error

   Ship belonging to Greenpeace, that was blown up and sunk in 1985, in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand, in a covert operation by the French intelligence service. A Greenpeace photographer was killed in the operation. It was revealed many years later that this operation - which was described as an act of international terrorism - had been personally authorized by President Mitterrand. French involvement was suspected right from the start, as the Rainbow Warrior was scheduled to protest against French nuclear testing at Mururoa Atoll, in the southern Pacific.

   However, initially, the French denied all involvement, until the true story was uncovered by a pair of investigative journalists fromBritain's Sunday Times newspaper.

амер.; разг.

during (mientras).

por favor, desconecten sus teléfonos móviles durante la proyección please insure mobile phones are switched off during the film

durante la guerra during the war

estuvo sin beber durante un año he went (for) a year without drinking

durante el verano mejoró su situación económica his financial situation improved over the summer

durante una hora for an hour

durante toda su vida throughout her life

Durante, Jimmy Durante.

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► adverbio

1 during, in, for

■ viví allí durante un año I lived there for a year

■ durante el verano during the summer

■ durante todo el día all day long

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PREP [con espacio de tiempo] during; [expresando la duración] for

* * *

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= at the stage of, during, throughout.

Ex. At the stage of subject analysis the indexer decides which, and there how many, concepts are selected for indexing purposes.

Ex. This article singles out four trends which have influenced the work of UNESCO during the last decade.

Ex. Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.

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* aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.

* ausentarse durante + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.

* autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.

* durante algunos años = for some years, over a period of years.

* durante algún tiempo = for a while, for some time, for some while, for some time to come, for days.

* durante años = for years.

* durante años y años = for years and years (and years).

* durante casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.

* durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.

* durante cierto tiempo = over a period of time.

* durante cuánto tiempo = how long.

* durante demasiado tiempo = for too long.

* durante días = for days.

* durante días y días = for days on end.

* durante el año pasado = over the past year.

* durante el apogeo de = during the height of, during the heyday of.

* durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.

* durante el descanso = at breaktime.

* durante el día = by day, daytime [day-time], in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.

* durante el entrenamiento = in practice.

* durante el fin de semana = over the weekend.

* durante el próximo año = over the next year.

* durante el transcurso de = over the course of.

* durante el transcurso de los acontecimientos = in the course of events, during the course of events.

* durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.

* durante el transporte = in transit.

* durante el último año = over the last year.

* durante el vuelo = in-flight.

* durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.

* durante este tiempo = in this time.

* durante + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal, over + Expresión Temporal.

* durante + Expresión Temporal + y + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal + on end.

* durante generaciones = for generations.

* durante la bajamar = at low tide.

* durante la búsqueda = at the search stage.

* durante la década de = through + Década.

* durante la guerra = during wartime, wartime [wart-time], war years, the.

* durante la mayor parte de = for much of.

* durante la mayor parte del año = for the best part of the year.

* durante la Navidad = at Christmas time.

* durante la noche = overnight, night-time.

* durante la Pascua = at Christmas time.

* durante la pleamar = at high tide.

* durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.

* durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.

* durante las horas puntas = at peak periods.

* durante la tira de tiempo = for donkey's years.

* durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.

* durante los primeros años = during the early years.

* durante los próximos años = for the next few years, over the next few years, during the next few years.

* durante los últimos años = over the past few years, over recent years.

* durante los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.

* durante los últimos + Número + años = over the last + Número + years.

* durante meses y meses = for months on end.

* durante miles de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.

* durante millones de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.

* durante muchas horas = for many long hours.

* durante muchísimo tiempo = for ages and ages (and ages), in ages (and ages and ages).

* durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).

* durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).

* durante + Posesivo + madurez = in later life.

* durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.

* durante tanto tiempo = for so long, so long.

* durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.

* durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.

* durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].

* durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.

* durante todo = all the way through, throughout.

* durante todo el día = all day long.

* durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.

* durante todo el verano = all summer long.

* durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.

* durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.

* durante unos instantes = for a bit.

* durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.

* durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.

* durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.

* durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.

* durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.

* durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.

* durante un porrón de tiempo = for donkey's years.

* durante un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come.

* durante varios años = for a number of years, for several years.

* esperado durante tiempo y con ansiedad = long-and-expectantly-awaited.

* fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.

* observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.

* trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.

* * *

* * *

* * *

durante [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ]

(en el transcurso de) during; (cuando se especifica la duración) for

durante mi ausencia/su reinado during my absence/his reign

durante 1980 during o in 1980

gobernó el país durante casi dos décadas she governed the country for almost two decades

normalmente no salimos durante la semana we don't normally go out during the week

trabajé en casa durante toda esa semana I worked at home all that week o for the whole of that week

los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre prices rose by 0.3% in December

cuando estas drogas se toman durante un período largo when these drugs are taken over o for a long period

su condición ha empeorado durante los últimos días his condition has worsened over the last few days

durante estos días realiza una gira por Italia she is at present o currently on tour in Italy

* * *

◊ durante 1980 during o in 1980;

* * *

durante prep

estuvo sin beber durante un año he went (for) a year without drinking;

durante una hora for an hour;

durante todo el mes de febrero for the whole of February, throughout the month of February;

durante las vacaciones during the Br holidays o US vacation;

llovió varias veces durante la semana it rained several times during the week;

por favor, desconecten sus teléfonos móviles durante la proyección please ensure cellphones o Br mobile phones are switched off during the movie;

durante un año se produjeron tres seísmos en la zona there were three earthquakes in the area in the space of a year;

durante su estancia en Londres visitó varios museos he visited several museums while he was in London;

durante el verano mejoró su situación económica his financial situation improved over the summer;

llovió durante toda la semana it rained all week;

durante el mes de febrero in February

* * *

prp indicando duración during; indicando período for;

durante seis meses for six months

* * *

durante prep

: during

durante todo el día: all day long

trabajó durante tres horas: he worked for three hours

* * *

durante prep

1. during

2. for

a lot of, too much, much, plenty of.

1 a lot, much, very much, a great deal.

2 very often, too often.

a great deal, quite much, much, a lot.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (singular - en afirmativas) a lot of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, much

■ hicieron mucho ruido they made a lot of noise

■ no tiene mucho dinero he hasn't got a lot of/much money

■ ¿nos queda mucha gasolina? have we got a lot of/much petrol left?

2 (plural - en afirmativas) a lot of, lots of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, many

■ son muchos socios en ese club the club has a lot of members

■ hay mucha gente esperando there are a lot of people waiting

■ tiene muchos discos he's got lots of records

■ no hay muchas copas there aren't a lot of/many glasses

■ ¿tienes muchos libros? have you got a lot of/many books?

■ hace mucho calor/frío it's very hot/cold

■ tengo mucha hambre/sed I'm very hungry/thirsty

3 (demasiado - singular) too much; (- plural) too many

■ es mucho trabajo para una sola persona it's too much work for just one person

■ el proyecto supone demasiados problemas the project involves too many problems

■ ya son muchas preguntas that's far too many questions

► pronombre

1 (singular) a lot, much; (plural) a lot, many

■ no me queda mucho por hacer I haven't got much left to do

■ muchos de ellos acudieron many of them came

■ muchos de mis amigos viven en el extranjero a lot of my friends live abroad

■ muchos dicen que no es apto para el trabajo a lot of people say he's not suitable for the job

► adverbio

1 (de cantidad) a lot, much

■ mucho mejor/peor much better/worse

■ era mucho más peligroso de lo que pensábamos it was much more dangerous than we thought

■ se preocupa mucho por ellos he worries a lot about them

■ me gusta mucho I like it a lot

■ lo siento mucho I'm really sorry

■ me alegro mucho de verte I'm very pleased to see you

■ ¿te ha gustado la película? --sí, mucho did you like the film? --yes, very much

■ ¿estaba buena la comida? --sí, mucho was the food good? --yes, very good

2 (de tiempo)

■ mucho antes/después much earlier/later

■ hace mucho que no nos vemos we haven't seen each other for a long time

3 (de frecuencia) often

■ no vienen mucho por aquí they don't come here often

\

como mucho at the most

■ te pagarán como mucho treinta euros they'll pay you thirty euros at the most

con mucho by far

■ es con mucho el mejor concursante he's the best competitor by far

muy mucho familiar very much so

ni con mucho nowhere near as

■ no es ni con mucho tan inteligente he's nowhere near as clever

ni mucho menos far from

■ no es ni mucho menos tonto he's far from stupid

por mucho que however much

■ por mucho que lo intentes no lo conseguirás you won't get it however much you try

* * *

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines, Textiles, Weapons and armour

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John George Bodmer (as he was known in England) showed signs of great inventive ability even as a child. Soon after completing his apprenticeship to a local millwright, he set up his own work-shop at Zussnacht. One of his first inventions, in 1805, was a shell which exploded on impact. Soon after this he went into partnership with Baron d'Eichthal to establish a cotton mill at St Blaise in the Black Forest. Bodmer designed the water-wheels and all the machinery. A few years later they established a factory for firearms and Bodmer designed special machine tools and developed a system of interchangeable manufacture comparable with American developments at that time. More inventions followed, including a detachable bayonet for breech-loading rifles and a rifled, breech-loading cannon for 12 lb (5.4 kg) shells.

Bodmer was appointed by the Grand Duke of Baden to the posts of Director General of the Government Iron Works and Inspector of Artillery. He left St Blaise in 1816 and entered completely into the service of the Grand Duke, but before taking up his duties he visited Britain for the first time and made an intensive five-month tour of textile mills, iron works, workshops and similar establishments.

In 1821 he returned to Switzerland and was engaged in setting up cotton mills and other engineering works. In 1824 he went back to England, where he obtained a patent for his improvements in cotton machinery and set up a mill near Bolton incorporating his ideas. His health failing, he was obliged to return to Switzerland in 1828, but he was soon busy with engineering works there and in France. In 1833 he went to England again, first to Bolton and four years later to Manchester in partnership with H.H.Birley. In the next ten years he patented many more inventions in the fields of textile machinery, steam engines and machine tools. These included a balanced steam engine, a mechanical stoker, steam engine valve gear, gear-cutting machines and a circular planer or vertical lathe, anticipating machines of this type later developed in America by E.P. Bullard. The metric system was used in his workshops and in gearing calculations he introduced the concept of diametral pitch, which then became known as "Manchester Pitch". The balanced engine was built in stationary form and in two locomotives, but although their running was remarkably smooth the additional complication prevented their wider use.

After the death of H.H.Birley in 1846, Bodmer removed to London until 1848, when he went to Austria. About 1860 he returned to his native town of Zurich. He remained actively engaged in all kinds of inventions up to the end of his life. He obtained fourteen British patents, each of which describes many inventions; two of these patents were extended beyond the normal duration of fourteen years. Two others were obtained on his behalf, one by his brother James in 1813 for his cannon and one relating to railways by Charles Fox in 1847. Many of his inventions had little direct influence but anticipated much later developments. His ideas were sound and some of his engines and machine tools were in use for over sixty years. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1835.

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